The idea of conservation can be found in early religious and
philosophical writings. There are examples in many ancient religions. In
ancient Greece Plato lamented the degradation of pasture land. In the bible,
God commanded Mosses to let the land rest from cultivation every seventh year.
Prior to 18th century European cultures frequently considered admiration of
nature to be a pagan view, wilderness was denigrated while agriculture was
praised. By the mid-19th century conservation became popular as ecological
knowledge spread.
In 1912, Dutch
scientists announced the existence of large lizards on Komodo Island in the
Dutch East Indies. In September 1926, the Burden expedition from the American
Museum of Natural History, returned from the Netherlands East Indies (now
Indonesia) with two huge, live monitor lizards that became known as Komodo
dragons. Burden's specimens were placed on display at the Bronx Zoo where they drew large crowds - 38,000 visitors on 12 September. But, the lizards
survived only a few short months in New York City, both were dead by mid-November.
However, the publicity and crowds generated during their short stay at the zoo turned them into a “celebrity species.”
Timothy Barnard at
the National University of Singapore has written an article that focuses on
Dutch attempts to limit access to the dragons. The profits and publicity
generated by Burden's Komodo dragons in scientific institutions could not be
ignored. Dutch officials now had to deal with numerous requests for Komodo
dragons. The applications for collecting dragons were submitted to a colonial
administrative system that aspired to rationalize Dutch rule over vast areas of
the archipelago and to make the Netherlands East Indies a center of scientific
research and conservation.
Dutch officials’
reacted to requests, with a number of regulations to deal with the developing
circumstances. The resulting rules and procedures became part of larger global
trends related to emerging environmental consciousness, while also reflecting understandings
of how to create a system of control over distant lands and nature. Foreigners
seeking a Komodo dragon would usually be directed to the Department of
Agriculture, located in Buitenzorg. Barnard chronicles the early history of
Varanus komodoensis in western zoos, but perhaps of more interest are the rules
and regulations the Dutch instituted, rules and regulations that placed the
colonly Dutch at odds with the indigenous people. The Ordinance to Protect
Certain Mammals and Birds covered all wild animals, except those designated by
the governor-general and those considered to be pests. The exclusion of pests
weakened the ordinance, because pests included all monkeys, the orangutan, and
a number of other species traditionally hunted throughout the archipelago. The
ordinance was also weakened because it was only applicable in Java and a few
other scattered parts of the Dutch colony, hunting rights in the rest of the
archipelago was left up to 280 indigenous rulers, including the Sultan of Bima
in eastern Sumbawa, who had traditional rights over Komodo and Rinca. later the
law was altered and applied so that it could protect the dragons and increased
tensions between the colonial government and the local peoples. Eventually the
regulations were changed to protect a relatively few species, and the
dragon was given added protection by the establishment of a reserve.
Barnard discusses
several scientific expeditions intent on collecting dragons, including the thwarted
attempt of the Crane Expedition that included Karl P. Schmidt from the Field Museum,
and the competing Chancellor-Stuart Expedition that was eventually successful
in obtaining two of the lizards for FMNH using a cooperation and diplomacy.
Citation
Barnard, T.P. 2011. Protecting the Dragon: Dutch Attempts at limiting Access to Komodo Lizards in the 1920s and 1930s. Indonesia 92:97-124.